Ma thermometer a Nyama Yochuluka a Zomera Zokonza Nyama

Kusamalira kutentha bwino pa gawo lililonse mu fakitale yokonza nyama ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti chakudya chikhale chotetezeka komanso chodalirika. Ngati kutentha kukukwera kufika pa "malo oopsa" (41°F–135°F), tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, ndi E. coli tingachuluke mofulumira, zomwe zingawononge thanzi la zinthu ndi thanzi la ogula. Malire okhwima a kutentha akhazikitsidwa kuti aletse kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kusunga zatsopano, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti malamulo akutsatira.

Maudindo Alamulo ndi Malamulo

Malo opangira nyama ya ng'ombe, nkhumba, ndi nkhuku ayenera kukwaniritsa malamulo enaake am'deralo komanso aboma okhudza kutentha. Mabungwe amafuna malo opangira nyama kuti alembe kutentha kwambiri pa nthawi yovuta: kupha nyama, kuziziritsa nyama, kusamalira, kunyamula, ndi kusunga nyama. Nyama yaiwisi iyenera kukhala pansi pa 40°F panthawi yosungira; kukonza mwachangu ndikofunikira ngati pali kusintha. Kuwerengera kutentha kovomerezeka—nthawi zambiri kumasungidwa ndi calibrated ma thermometer a chakudya chamalonda ambiri—ndizofunikira, ndipo zolemba ziyenera kupezeka kuti ziwunikidwe. Kuphwanya malamulo kungayambitse chindapusa, kubweza, kapena kutseka kwakanthawi.

Udindo wa Kutentha MkusamaliraKukonza Konse

• Kusamalira ndi Kusunga: Zonse ziwiri ma thermometers a chakudya oda zambiri ndi ma thermometer ambiri a nyamaOnetsetsani kuti kutentha kwa chipinda chosungiramo zinthu kumakhala pansi pa 40°F pa ng'ombe ndi nkhumba zosaphika, komanso pansi pa 40°F kapena 41°F pa nkhuku zosaphika. Pazinthu zophikidwa komanso zokonzeka kudyedwa, makabati osungiramo zinthu ndi zotengera zotumizira nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ma thermometer a nyama yogulitsa kuti atsimikizire kuti nthawi yosungiramo zinthu zotentha kapena zoziziritsa yakwaniritsidwa.
• Kugulitsa ndi Kugawa: Kuwunika kutentha m'masitolo ogulitsa ndi kugawa kumadalira ma thermometers a chakudya ogulitsa omwe amagulidwa mochuluka kuchokera ku nyama. ogulitsa ogulitsa ambiri a thermometer. Machenjezo achangu pa kusintha kwa kutentha amathandiza kuti zinthu zitsatire malamulo nthawi zonse.
  
  

Malire ndi Malangizo Okhudza Kutentha Kwapadera

Malo Okonzera Nyama ya Ng'ombe

• Ng'ombe yosaphika:Iyenera kusungidwa pansi pa 4°C nthawi yomweyo itatha kuphedwa komanso nthawi yonse yosungidwa.
• Kuphika ng'ombe yokhala ndi minofu yonse:Kutentha kocheperako kwa mkati mwa 145°F (63°C) ndi mphindi zitatu zofunika kupuma musanapereke.
• Nyama yang'ombe yogaya:Ayenera kufika pa 160°F (71°C) kuti akhale otetezeka.
• Ndandanda zoziziritsira:Mukaphika, muyenera kuziziritsa kuyambira 130°F mpaka 80°F mkati mwa maola 1.5; kuziziritsanso mpaka 40°F mkati mwa maola 5 otsatira.

Chomera Chokonzera Nyama ya Nkhumba

• Nkhumba yosaphika:Sungani pamalo otentha kapena osapitirira 4°C.
• Kuphika nyama yonse ya nkhumba:Kutentha kwa 145°F (63°C) ndi mphindi zitatu zopumula.
• Nkhumba yophikidwa:Kutentha kofunikira ndi 160°F (71°C).
• Zinthu zapadera:Masoseji amatsatira malire okhwima a nthawi yotenthetsera kutentha ndi kuwiritsa, zomwe zalembedwa ndi zipangizo zoyezera kutentha kwa nyama.
• Chitsanzo:Ma thermometers a chakudya oda zambiri amagawidwa m'mizere yopangira ndi m'zipinda zophikira, kuonetsetsa kuti kutentha kwa pansi, zinthu, ndi zida nthawi zonse kumakhala mkati mwa malire odziwika.

Chomera Chokonzera Nyama ya Nkhuku

• Nkhuku yosaphika:Sungani pamalo otentha kapena osapitirira 40°F (4°C); izi zikuphatikizapo zidutswa zonse ndi zodulidwa.
• Kutentha kofunikira pophikira:Kutentha kwa mkati mwa nkhuku ndi 165°F (74°C) pa nkhuku zonse.
• Njira yozizira:Mofanana ndi ng'ombe ndi nkhumba; kuziziritsa mwachangu mukatha kuphika ndikofunikira.
• Kuyendera ndi kusamalira:Ma thermometer opanda zingwe monga Lonnmeter amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsata kutentha patali m'magalimoto ogulitsa omwe ali mufiriji.
• Chitsanzo:Mu fakitale yokonza nyama ya nkhuku yochuluka, ma thermometer oteteza chakudya omwe amagulidwa mochuluka amagawidwa kuti ayesere matanki ozizira, mizere yopakira, ndi magalimoto onyamula katundu kuti achepetse kuwonongeka ndikusunga kutsatira malamulo.

Kukhazikitsa mu Malo Akuluakulu

Pofuna kutsatira malamulo ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino, mafakitale opangira nyama amapeza ma thermometer a nyama ogulitsa ambiri. olemba deta ya unyolo wozizira kuti ziphike bwino komanso kusungidwa bwino. Zolemba za kutentha ndi machenjezo oyezera kuchokera ku mitundu iyi yoyezera kutentha amachepetsa chiopsezo, amathandizira kutsata, komanso amalola kuwunika kowonekera bwino kwa malamulo. Malo omwe amadalira ma thermometers ambiri a nyama amapeza mawerengedwe ofulumira komanso odalirika nthawi iliyonse yofunika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitetezo ndi kuwunika kwabwino ziwongolere ntchito zawo.

Kutentha Kwachinsinsi MkusamaliraMfundo Zosiyanasiyana Zokhudza Kukonza Zinthu

Kuyeza kutentha kolondola n'kofunika kwambiri pa gawo lililonse la fakitale yokonza nyama—kaya ndi ng'ombe, nkhumba, kapena nkhuku. Kuyeza kutentha kolondola pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyezera kutentha pokonza nyama, monga ma thermometer a nyama amalonda a Lonnmeter, kumathandiza kuti chakudya chikhale chotetezeka komanso kuti zinthu zikhale zotetezeka.

Ma Thermometer a Nyama Yochuluka: Mitundu, Makhalidwe, ndi Zofunikira Zosankhira

Makampani opanga nyama m'mafakitale amafuna zipangizo zodalirika zoyezera kutentha kuti chakudya chikhale chotetezeka komanso chogwira ntchito bwino. Ma thermometer ambiri a nyama omwe adapangidwira malo awa amapangitsa kuti zinthu zitsatire malamulo, ubwino, komanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ng'ombe, nkhumba, ndi nkhuku.

Ma Model a Thermometer ya Nyama Yochuluka ya Mafakitale

Ogulitsa ma thermometer a nyama ambiri amapereka mitundu yopangidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri. Ma thermometer a chakudya ogulitsa awa ambiri ali ndi ma probe olimba achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ma casing olimba, ndi ma screens oyankha mwachangu. Lonnmeter, dzina lodziwika bwino popanga ma thermometer, imapereka njira zopangira kutentha kosavuta. Zofunikira pafakitale yokonza nyama, zipangizozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, zimatsukidwa pafupipafupi, komanso zimakhudzidwa ndi thupi.

Ukadaulo wa Sensor: Makina Ofufuzira a Digito, Infrared, ndi Wireless

Ma thermometers a chakudya oda zambiri amadalira mitundu itatu ikuluikulu ya masensa:

Ma thermometer a digito:Izi zimagwiritsa ntchito choyezera chachitsulo kuti ziyeze kutentha kwamkati mwachindunji—chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chotsimikizira kuti ng'ombe, nkhumba, ndi nkhuku zifika pamlingo wochepetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda womwe USDA imalimbikitsa. Kulondola kumatha kusungidwa mkati mwa ±0.5°C m'mamodeli oyezera. Ma choyezera nthawi zambiri amakhala osalowa madzi, osapsa ndi dzimbiri, ndipo amapezeka m'litali zosiyanasiyana kuti agwirizane ndi kudula kosiyanasiyana ndi kukula kwa nyama. Chitsanzo: kuyika choyezera m'gawo lokhuthala kwambiri la nyama yowotcha mkati mwa fakitale yokonza nyama ya ng'ombe.

Ma thermometer a infrared sensor:Zipangizozi sizimakhudza kutentha kwa pamwamba mwachangu. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza kutentha kwakukulu monga kutsimikizira momwe kutentha kumakhalira kapena kuchita kafukufuku wachangu pa mizere yopakira mu fakitale yokonza nyama ya nkhumba. Ngakhale kuti n'zosavuta, kuwerenga kwa infrared kumatha kukhudzidwa ndi nthunzi, chinyezi, ndi malo ozungulira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosadalirika potsimikizira kutentha kochepa kwa nyama yoyambirira.

Njira Zosankhira Zogwiritsira Ntchito Nyama Zamakampani

Kusankha thermometer yoyenera pa ntchito iliyonse yokonza ndikofunikira:

Ng'ombe:Sankhani ma thermometer a probe okhala ndi ma inserts aatali komanso olimba kuti achepetse kuuma; perekani patsogolo mitundu yomwe imatha kuwerengedwa bwino pa 145°F (63°C) ndi kupitirira apo.

Nkhumba:Gwiritsani ntchito ma probe opangidwira nyama yophwanyidwa (kufunikira kutentha kwambiri—155°F/68°C), ndi yankho lachangu pothana ndi zinthu zoyenda mwachangu. Infrared ikhoza kuwonjezera pakuwunika pamwamba koma osati kutsimikizira komaliza chitetezo.

Nkhuku:Ma modelo opanda zingwe, oyezera zinthu zambiri, kapena oyezera magulu amalola kuyeza molondola m'magawo ambiri, makamaka kufika kutentha kwa 165°F (74°C) mwachangu m'malo onse.

Dongosolo la kuchuluka kwa ma thermometerZosankha ziyenera kufanana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa zinthu zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chomera chilichonse: ng'ombe, nkhumba, kapena nkhuku. Ma model ayenera kulola kuti zinthuzo zisamavutike kuzisintha, kuzigwira bwino, komanso kuzigwiritsa ntchito bwino poyeretsa popanda madzi.

Kulondola, Nthawi Yoyankha, ndi Zinthu Zokhalitsa

Ma thermometer ayenera kupereka kulondola (mkati mwa ± 0.5°C kapena kupitirira apo), kuyankha mwachangu (kuwerenga kokhazikika mu masekondi ≤5), komanso kulimba kwamphamvu. Zinthu zofunika kuziika patsogolo:

• Chophimba Chosalowa Madzi, Chosakhudzidwa ndi Kugunda:Kuti muyeretse mobwerezabwereza komanso kuti musagwe.
• Malangizo Othandizira Kufufuza:Kuchepetsa kupindika ndi kusweka poika nyama yokhuthala kapena yopyapyala m'mafupa.
• Ma Protocol a Calibration:Kukonzanso kosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito madzi oundana kapena malo otentha, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zinthu zizikhala zolondola nthawi zonse pogwiritsa ntchito ma thermometer a nyama yogulitsa.
• Mawonekedwe a Mawonekedwe Awiri:Zophimba zozungulira kapena zoyika zosinthasintha kuti ziwerengedwe kuchokera mbali iliyonse—zofunika kwambiri m'makampani okonza nyama otanganidwa.

Zipangizo zopangira nyama zopanda zingwe zimawonjezera kulimba kwa chipangizocho: malo otsekedwa a batire, chitetezo cha fumbi, komanso kutumiza deta mwamphamvu ndizofunikira kwambiri popewa nthawi yogwira ntchito kapena kutayika kwa deta panthawi yosintha nthawi yogwira ntchito.

Ubwino wa Maoda Ochuluka pa Ntchito Zazikulu

Kugula ma thermometer ambiri a nyama kumapereka ubwino wambiri pa ntchito zamafakitale:

• Kufanana ndi Kugwira Ntchito Moyenera:Kugula zinthu zambiri kumatsimikizira kuti zipangizo zonse zoyezera kutentha kwa nyama zimayankha nthawi zonse, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuwunikira malamulo.
• Kuchepetsa Mtengo:Mitengo yogulira zinthu kuchokera kwa ogulitsa thermometer ya nyama imachepetsa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa unit iliyonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotsika mtengo kukonza malo aliwonse omwe ali mufakitale yokonza nyama ya nkhuku, nkhumba, kapena ng'ombe.
• Kuchuluka kwa Ntchito:Ma thermometers a chakudya oda zambiri amathandiza kuti zipangizo zoyezera zigwiritsidwe ntchito, kuchepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito panthawi yoyeretsa, kukonzanso, kapena kulephera kwa zida mosayembekezereka.
• Kusamalira ndi Kuphunzitsa Mosavuta:Ma model okhazikika amalola maphunziro osavuta a antchito, kukonza, njira zowerengera, ndikusintha ziwalo.

Pofuna kugula zinthu zambiri zoyezera kutentha kwa nyama m'masitolo, ogula ayenera kusankha mitundu yomwe imapereka kudalirika m'mafakitale ambiri, omwe amagwira ntchito zambiri komanso amakhala olimba, olondola, komanso otsimikizira mwachangu, mogwirizana ndi zofunikira pakugula zinthu zambiri zoyezera kutentha kwa chakudya.

Kukhazikitsa Ma Thermometers mu Mafakitale Opangira Nyama Aakulu

Kukhazikitsa mwadongosolo maoda ambiri a thermometer ya nyama m'makampani kumathandiza kuti pakhale malo okwanira ogwirira ntchito m'mafakitale opangira nyama. Kaya ndi kukonza malo opangira nyama, ng'ombe, nkhumba, kapena nkhuku, ma thermometers a chakudya oda zambiri Onetsetsani kuti mfundo iliyonse yofunika—zoziziritsira, zophikira, malo olandirira, ndi zipinda zosungiramo zinthu—zimasunga kutentha koyenera.

Kuyeretsa nthawi zonse kumathandiza njira zaukhondo. Pukutani malo onse mukatha kusinthana nthawi iliyonse pogwiritsa ntchito zotsukira zovomerezeka, poyang'ana kwambiri nsonga za zoyeretsera ndi chivundikiro. Sungani ma thermometer padera ndi zida zolumikizirana ndi chakudya kuti mupewe kuipitsidwa ndi chakudya. Zolemba za ntchito zowunikira ndi kukonza ziyenera kusungidwa kuti zisonyeze kutsatira malamulo mosamala.

Kukulitsa Kugwira Ntchito ndi Chitetezo ndi Ma Thermometer Ochuluka

Masensa otenthetsera kutentha kwakukulu ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakuyeza kutentha bwino komanso kusasinthasintha kwa zinthu m'mafakitale amakono opangira nyama. Kuyika ma thermometer odzipangira okha pamizere yopangira kumathandiza kuyeza kutentha kwamkati ndi kwamkati nthawi yeniyeni, zomwe zimateteza mtundu uliwonse. Mwachitsanzo, ma network a masensa opanda zingwe omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma UHF RFID tag amalemba kutentha pa zingwe zonyamulira pamene mitembo ikuyenda m'magawo osiyanasiyana—kuyambira kupha mpaka kuzizira—m'mafakitale opangira nyama ya ng'ombe, nkhumba, ndi nkhuku. Izi zimachepetsa kujambula pamanja ndikuchepetsa zoopsa za miyeso yolakwika kapena zolakwika za anthu, kukonza bwino kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndikuchepetsa zinyalala.

Makina oyezera kutentha okha ndi ofunikira kwambiri kuti munthu athe kutsatira bwino. Pogwirizanitsa kuwerenga kwa thermometer iliyonse ndi RFID kapena chizindikiritso cha barcode, malo opangira zinthu amapanga chizindikiro chonse cha kayendedwe ka zinthu, mbiri ya kutentha, komanso kulowererapo kwa ogwira ntchito. Ngati kusintha kwa kutentha kwapezeka, makina a digito amawonetsa gulu lomwe lakhudzidwa, kuthandizira kusunga ndi kubweza mwachangu. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo kuphatikiza mwachindunji ndi zoyika zonyamulira ndi zingwe za ma thermometer ambiri a nyama. Deta yosonkhanitsidwa—monga kulemera kwa nyama, wogulitsa, ndi kutentha—imasungidwa yokha ndikugawidwa ndi nsanja zoyezera zapakati. Izi zimathandizira kutsimikizira kolondola kwa batch ndipo zimapangitsa kuti kutsatizana ndi ziyembekezo za malamulo pakugula kwakukulu kwa ma thermometers achitetezo cha chakudya.

Kusintha kwa thermometer ya nyama ndikofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kwa njira. Ntchito za fakitale yokonza nyama ya ng'ombe, nkhumba, ndi nkhuku zimafuna zida zosiyanasiyana. Mayankho osinthika kuchokera kwa ogulitsa monga Lonnmeter ali ndi zotchinga kutentha kwa uvuni, zolembera deta yotetezeka kwa chakudya cha mafiriji, ndi ma probe osinthika omwe amagwirizana ndi zida zokonzera nyama zomwe zimapezeka m'malo odulira, kudula, ndi kulongedza.

Kuyika ma thermometer ambiri m'makampani kumadaliranso maphunziro okhazikika komanso kukhwima kwa njira. Ogwira ntchito omwe amagwira ntchito ndi ma thermometer ambiri a nyama ayenera kukhala ndi malangizo athunthu okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizocho moyenera, kuwerengera, ndi kukonza. Mapulogalamu ogwira ntchito bwino akuphatikizapo maphunziro othandiza pogwiritsa ntchito ma thermocouple ndi ma digital sensors, kutsanzira nthawi yophika ndi kuzizira, komanso kusiyanitsa pakati pa kuwerengera kutentha kwa malo ndi kwa chinthu. Njira zogwiritsira ntchito nthawi zonse zimalamulira kuchuluka ndi njira yowerengera ma thermometer onse a nyama, pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga madzi oundana ndi mayeso a madzi otentha kuti aone kulondola. Ma module ophunzitsira nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma lab othandiza, kuthetsa mavuto pogwiritsa ntchito zochitika, ndi kuwunika kwachizolowezi kuti asunge njira zabwino ndikuchepetsa zoopsa zogwirira ntchito.

Maphunziro opitilira amatsimikizira ogwira ntchito m'fakitale iliyonse yokonza nyama—kuyambira oyang'anira opanga nyama ya ng'ombe mpaka ogwira ntchito yokonza nkhuku—kumvetsetsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zolondola zogwiritsira ntchito thermometer ndi njira zoyezera deta. Chikhalidwe ichi chodziyimira pawokha n'chofunikira kwambiri kuti zipangizo zoyezera kutentha zisungidwe bwino pokonza nyama, kuthandizira zolinga zokolola komanso zotsatira zachitetezo champhamvu pa ntchito zogulitsa ndi zogulitsa zambiri.

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

Kodi ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito ma thermometer a nyama zambiri mufakitale yokonza nyama ndi wotani?

Ma thermometer a nyama yochuluka amawonjezera magwiridwe antchito ndi chitetezo m'malo akuluakulu ogulitsa. M'mafakitale opangira nyama ya ng'ombe, nkhumba, ndi nkhuku, zimathandiza kuyeza nthawi imodzi magulu angapo, kuonetsetsa kuti kutentha kwa zinthu kumakhala kofanana komanso kuphika mofanana. Kuphimba kwakukulu kumeneku kumachepetsa kwambiri chiopsezo cha chakudya potsimikizira kuti nyama yonse yafika kutentha kotetezeka mkati. Kuyeza pafupipafupi komanso kolondola kumathandiza malo kutsatira malamulo achitetezo am'deralo ndipo kumagwira ntchito ngati njira yofunika kwambiri yowongolera mtundu wa chinthu. Pa ntchito zazikulu, kugwiritsa ntchito ma thermometer a chakudya oda yochuluka kumachepetsanso ntchito yamanja komanso kumachepetsa zolemba, kuthandizira magwiridwe antchito komanso kutsimikizira chitetezo.

Kodi ma thermometers ambiri a chakudya angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa mitundu yonse ya nyama (ng'ombe, nkhumba, nkhuku)?

Inde, ma thermometer a chakudya chochuluka amapangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana. Amagwira ntchito bwino m'malo opangira nyama ya ng'ombe, nkhumba, ndi nkhuku. Masensa, ma probe, ndi zida zake zimatha kusintha malinga ndi makulidwe ndi kapangidwe ka nyama kosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kukhale kodalirika mosasamala kanthu za mtundu kapena kudula.

Kodi ndingasankhe bwanji thermometer yoyenera yogulira nyama yanga?

Kusankha dongosolo labwino kwambiri la thermometer ya nyama yogulitsa kumaphatikizapo kuwunika zinthu zingapo. Ganizirani kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito—malo akuluakulu angafunike njira zambiri kapena njira zambiri zofufuzira. Kulondola n'kofunika; yang'anani zipangizo zomwe zili ndi zolekerera zolondola zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zofunikira zanu zachitetezo. Sankhani mitundu ya masensa yogwirizana ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito, monga ma thermocouple kuti ayankhe mwachangu kapena ma RTD kuti azitha kulondola kwambiri. Kulimba kwake ndikofunikira ngati zida zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi komanso nthawi yoyeretsa movutikira. Kugwirizana kophatikizana ndikofunikira pazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito miyeso ya digito kapena zolemba zokha. Funsani ogulitsa ma thermometer a nyama kuti akupatseni malangizo, fotokozani zosowa za malo opangira nyama ya ng'ombe, malo opangira nyama ya nkhumba, kapena malo opangira nyama ya nkhuku. Nthawi zonse muziganizira za kusavuta kwa kukonza, kukonza, ndi kusunga zolemba.

Ndi njira ziti zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti ma thermometers ambiri a nyama akukonzedwa bwino komanso kusamalidwa bwino?

Sungani zipangizo zoyezera kutentha poyambira ndi kuyeza kutentha tsiku ndi tsiku pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya ayezi (0°C) ndi njira zowira (100°C pamadzi). Yesani kutentha mwachangu mukangogwedezeka kapena kukayikira kuti palibe cholakwika. Sungani ma thermometer oyera, kutsatira malangizo a wopanga poyeretsa ma sensor probe ndi nyumba. Sungani ma probe m'malo oteteza kuti musawonongeke. Sungani zolemba zambiri zoyezera kutentha ndi kukonza, kuphatikizapo zolemba za kukonza ndi kuyang'ana nthawi ndi nthawi. Sinthani mayunitsi omwe akuwonetsa zolakwika kapena kuwonongeka kwakuthupi. Kutsatira nthawi zonse njirazi kumasunga kulondola komanso kudalirika kwa ma thermometer otetezeka a chakudya pazochitika zogula zambiri.